Nobel Prize Winners, Nobel Peace Winner, winning the Nobel prize, the Nobel Peace Prize, List and Listing of winners through out the ages

Nobel Peace Prize Winners

The Nobel Peace Prize List of Peace Prize Winners

The Nobel Prizes (pronounced /noubell/) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment or made outstanding contributions to society. The prizes were instituted by the final will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist, and the inventor of dynamite. The first ceremony to award the Nobel Prizes in literature, physics, chemistry, and medicine was held at the Old Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901; beginning in 1902, the prizes have been formally awarded by the King of Sweden. King Oscar II did not initially approve of awarding grand national prizes to foreigners, but is said to have changed his mind after realizing the publicity value of the prizes for the country. The Prizes are awarded at a formal ceremony held annually on December 10, the date that Alfred Nobel passed away. However, the names of the laureates are typically announced already in October, by the different committees and instutitions that serve as selection boards for the prizes. A large monetary award is included with the Nobel Prizes, currently about 10 million Swedish Kronor (slightly more than one million Euros). This was originally intended to allow the persons to continue working or researching without the pressures of raising money. (In actual fact, most prize winners have been too old to be able to do that when getting the prize, and many receivers of the Nobel Prize of Literature have been silenced by it, even if younger.) Prizes have been awarded annually since 1901 for achievements in:

Physics (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Chemistry (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Physiology or Medicine (decided by the Karolinska Institute)

Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy)

Peace (decided by a committee appointed by the Norwegian Parliament)

When Nobel had died, and his will was opened, none of the deciding bodies had been asked by him whether they would accept the responsibility; they decided to do so after quite a lot of hesitation. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank, the Bank of Sweden, instituted the "Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel".

Economics (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Since this prize has no foundation in Nobel's will, and is not paid by his money, it is technically not a Nobel prize (and the present Nobel family does not accept it as such). It is however awarded together with the other Nobel prizes. In 1968, the decision was made not to add any more prizes "in memory of Nobel" in the future.

It is with great pleasure that I honor a place on my website for these very special angelic souls of our times who have made due on the Nobel Prize list.
With Peace & Love,
Scott Bruno

Brought to you with the assistance of Wikipedia
Year	Name	Topics
1901	Emil Adolf von Behring	"for his serum therapy to treat diphtheria"
1902	Ronald Ross	"for research on malaria"
1903	Niels Ryberg Finsen	"for his light treatment of lupus vulgaris"
1904	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	"for work on the physiology of the digestive system"
1905	Robert Koch	"for discovering the cause of tuberculosis"
1906	Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal	"for research on the nervous system"
1907	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	"for research into protozoa causing disease"
1908	Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich	"for study of the immune system"
1909	Emil Theodor Kocher	"for work on the thyroid gland"
1910	Albrecht Kossel	"for research in cell biology, especially proteins and nucleic acids"
1911	Allvar Gullstrand	"for research on the image formation by the lens of the eye"
1912	Alexis Carrel	"for work on suture of blood vessels and transplantation"
1913	Charles Robert Richet	"for the discovery of anaphylaxis"
1914	Robert Bárány	"for research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear"
1919	Jules Bordet	"for discovery of the complement in the immune system"
1920	Schack August Steenberg Krogh	"for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion"
1922	Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof	"for research on muscles, especially their generation of heat and the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism "
1923	Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod	"for the discovery of insulin"
1924	Willem Einthoven	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
1926	Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	"for elucidating Spiroptera carcinoma and artificially inducing cancer in an animal."
1927	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	"for healing general paralysis by infection with malaria"
1928	Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	"for work on typhus"
1929	Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	"for discovery of various vitamins"
1930	Karl Landsteiner	"for discovery of human blood types"
1931	Otto Heinrich Warburg	"for research on cytochromes in cellular respiration"
1932	Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian	"for work on the function of neurons, including the fact that stronger stimuli result in a higher frequency of nerve impulses"
1933	Thomas Hunt Morgan	"for discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity"
1934	George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy	"for discovering liver therapy for anaemia"
1935	Hans Spemann	"for the discovery of organizing centers in the early development of organisms"
1936	Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi	"for work on transmission of nerve impulses via neurotransmitters"
1937	Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	"for the description of vitamin C and the discovery that oxygen combines with hydrogen in cellular respiration"
1938	Corneille Jean François Heymans	"for showing how blood pressure and oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain"
1939	Gerhard Domagk	"for the discovery of the sulphonamide Prontosil, the first drug effective against bacterial infections"
1943	Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy	"for the discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure"
1944	Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser	"for the discovery of different types of nerve fibers"
1945	Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey	"for the discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases"
1946	Hermann Joseph Muller	"for the discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays"
1947	Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz), Bernardo Alberto Houssay	"for the discovery on how glycogen is converted to glucose in the body, and for the effects of hypophysis hormones on sugar metabolism"
1948	Paul Hermann Müller	"for the discovery of the insecticide DDT"
1949	Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz	"Hess for mapping the various functions of the midbrain; Moniz for discovering the therapeutic effect of lobotomy"
1950	Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench	"for the discovery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and function"
1951	Max Theiler	"for developing a vaccine for yellow fever"
1952	Selman Abraham Waksman	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1953	Hans Adolf Krebs	"for the discovery of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration"
1953	Fritz Albert Lipmann	"for discovery and research on coenzyme A"
1954	John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins	"for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube"
1955	Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	"for research on enzymes and their actions, especially oxydizing enzymes"
1956	André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards	"for showing how to insert a catheter into the heart and studying various heart diseases"
1957	Daniel Bovet	"for discovering synthetic drugs such as antihistamines that block the action of biological amines"
1958	George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg	"for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism"
1959	Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg	"for the synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA"
1960	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar	"for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self"
1961	Georg von Békésy	"for elucidating the cochlea of the ear"
1962	Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	"for discovering the molecular structure of DNA"
1963	Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley	"for describing the electric transmission of impulses along nerves"
1964	Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen	"for research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
1965	François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod	"for discovering messenger RNA, ribosomes, and the genes controlling the expression of other genes"
1966	Peyton Rous	"for the discovery of viruses that induce tumours"
1966	Charles B. Huggins	"for the discovery of the treatment of prostate cancer with hormones"
1967	Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald	"for describing the different types of light-sensitive cells in the eye and how light interacts with them"
1968	Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg	"for describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis"
1969	Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, Salvador E. Luria	"for work on the replication mechanism and genetics of viruses"
1970	Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod	"for work on neurotransmitters"
1971	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	"for discovery of the action of hormones, especially epinephrine, via second messengers"
1972	Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter	"for discovering the chemical structure of antibodies"
1973	Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen	"for the study of social animal behavior, especially the explanation of the "dance language" of bees and how young birds become fixated on their mother"
1974	Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade	"for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells"
1975	David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin	"for describing how tumor viruses act on the genetic material of the cell"
1976	Baruch S. Blumberg	"for the discovery of hepatitis B virus"
1976	D. Carleton Gajdusek	"for describing the disease kuru caused by cannibalism "
1977	Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally	"for work on peptide hormones produced in the brain"
1977	Rosalyn Yalow	"for creating the Yalow-Berson method to measure minute amounts of peptide hormones using antibodies"
1978	Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes which are instrumental in molecular biology"
1979	Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield	"for developing computer assisted tomography"
1980	Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell	"for discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self"
1981	Roger W. Sperry	"for research on the cerebral hemispheres"
1981	David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel	"for work on the processing of visual information in the brain"
1982	Sune Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane	"for the discovery of prostaglandins"
1983	Barbara McClintock	"for discovery of mobile genetic elements or transposons in maize"
1984	Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein	"for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies"
1985	Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein	"for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
1986	Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini	"for discovering growth factors"
1987	Susumu Tonegawa	"for discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically"
1988	Sir James W. Black,Gertrude B. Elion,George H. Hitchings	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1989	J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus	"for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes"
1990	Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas	"for work on organ and cell transplantation"
1991	Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann	"for developing techniques which show that ion channels exist in the cell membrane and which allow to study their properties"
1992	Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs	"for discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes"
1993	Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp	"for the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence"
1994	Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell	"for the discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells"
1995	Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus	"for the discovery of the genes involved in the developmental program of the fruit fly, the homeobox genes"
1996	Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel	"for describing how MHC molecules are used by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells."
1997	Stanley B. Prusiner	"for the discovery of prions, infectious protein particles"
1998	Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad	"for discovery of the signalling properties of nitric oxide"
1999	Günter Blobel	"for the discovery that newly synthesized proteins contain "address tags" which direct them to the proper location within the cell"
2000	Arvid Carlsson	"for proving that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Parkinson's disease"
	Paul Greengard	"for showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell and can activate a central molecule known as DARPP-32"
	Eric R. Kandel	"for describing how short-term and long-term memory is formed on the molecular level"
2001	Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse	"for the discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle"
2002	Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston	"for establishing the precise order in which cells in the worm C. elegans divide and die, and for elucidating the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis"
2003	Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield	"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
2004	Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2005	Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren	"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"